In Parallel, Everyone Hears You Scream
Parallel coding
Mysteries of MPI
Truly, life enow.
This, ladies and gentlemen, is what happens when a classical education collides with righteous code.
So now you think you know MPI. We've covered a lot of ground in this column, including the MPI basics, startup and shutdown, collective operations, communicators and groups, and we just spent two fantastic columns on datatypes (really, is there anything better?). This column, we'll start my Top-10, All-Time Favorite Evils To Avoid In Parallel. It's so big that it'll take two columns to cover.
Many of these are common mistakes that either befuddle users or subtly cause performance degradation (and sometimes go unnoticed). Some of them are easy to explain, some are just due to how MPI implementations are typically crafted on the inside. Some have to do with running MPI programs, others have to do with writing them. It's a motley collection. From the home office in Bloomington, IN, let's start with number 10...
10: Inconsistent Environment / "Dot" Files
A common method of launching MPI applications - particularly across commodity Linux clusters - is with rsh (or ssh). Most new users to MPI simply invoke mpirun (or whatever startup command is relevant to your MPI implementation) and are surprised / dismayed / frustrated when it tries to invoke rsh (or ssh) behind the scenes and doesn't work. It doesn't matter which shell you use (they all work equally well with MPI), you must set it up to work properly with remote processes. The top two reasons why rsh/ssh-based MPI application startups fail are:
- The PATH environment variable is not set properly in the user's so-called "dot" files (e.g., .tcshrc, .profile, or .bashrch - the specific file name depends on which shell you are using). Specifically, you may need to set the PATH in your "dot" file to include the directory where your MPI installation is installed on the remote nodes; it may not be sufficient to set the PATH in the shell where you invoke mpirun
- Remote authentication and/or rsh/ssh is not setup properly. Error messages such as "Permission denied" typically indicate that the user has not setup remote logins properly (e.g., a .rhosts file or SSH keys). Error messages such as "Connection refused" usually mean that remote logins using a specific protocol are not enabled (e.g., trying to use rsh in a cluster where only ssh remote logins are enabled).
Both of these kinds of errors are show-stoppers; you won't be able to run MPI programs until they are solved. Usually a few Google searches will find the right answer. If all else fails, seek out your local neighborhood system administrator for advice.
9: Orphaning MPI Requests
When using non-blocking MPI communication (i.e., you tell MPI to start a communication), MPI gives you back a request that you can use later to find out if the communication has completed. It is important to always poll MPI later and see if it has completed. Not only is this necessary so that you can know when you re-use your message buffer, MPI allocates resources to track non-blocking communications that are not released until the user application is notified that it has completed.
The moral of the story: if you start a non-blocking communication and then never check the request for completion, your application is leaking resources. Always, always, always remember to poll for completion of non-blocking communications.
8: MPI_PROBE
For a specific (tag, source rank, communicator) triple, the MPI_PROBE function returns when a message matching that triple is ready to be received (a similar non-blocking version is available as well: MPI_IPROBE) and reports, among other values, the size of the pending incoming message. MPI_PROBE is commonly used to receive variable-length messages - where the receiver does not know how large the message is that will be received. For example, post an MPI_PROBE and then use the size that is returned to allocate a buffer of the correct size and then MPI_RECV into it.
Although convenient, MPI_PROBE (and MPI_IPROBE) may actually force the MPI implementation to allocate a temporary buffer and fully receive the message into it before reporting its size. Hence, when the matching receive is finally posted, the MPI implementation simply performs a memory copy to transfer the message to the user's buffer (and then frees the temporary buffer). This can add significant latency, particularly for large messages or in low-latency networking environments.
Avoid the use of MPI_PROBE when possible. It may be more efficient to actually send two messages: first send a fixed-size message that simply contains the size of the second message, then immediately follow it with the real message. This method prevents the MPI implementation from needing to allocate temporary buffers and perform unnecessary memory copies.
7: Mixing Fortran (and C++) Compilers
This problem is not so much a problem with MPI as it is the state of compiler technology. Fortran compilers may resolve global variables and function names differently. For example, the GNU Fortran 77 compiler silently transforms the name to lower case and appends two underscores to all global variable and function names. This is in contrast to, for example, the Solaris Forte Fortran compiler only adds one underscore. It is possible that an MPI implementation was configured for a specific Fortran compiler's resolution scheme. Hence, functions such as MPI_INIT may actually be exist as mpi_init__.
As a direct result, your MPI implementation may be configured to only work with a single Fortran compiler (which is only relevant if you are writing Fortran MPI programs). Attempting to use a different Fortran compiler may result in "Unresolved symbol" kinds of errors when attempting to link MPI executables.
To fix this, either only use the Fortran compiler that your MPI installation was configured with, or re-configure/re-install your MPI with the Fortran compiler that you want to use.
The issue is almost identical for C++ compilers (similarly, this is only relevant if you are writing C++ MPI programs that use the C++ MPI bindings).
